4.7 Energy efficiency

100 % producers 10% primary consumers 1% secondary consumers.

producers ----> Primary consumers -------> secondary consumers. (all has to follow the process of respiration)


All organisms die and breaks down by micro - organism

Energy is lost by respiration

4.6 Energy and substances in food chains

Bush grass been eaten by impala which is the producer  and primary consumer.
cheetah is the secondary consumer
lion is the tertiary
Converts light energy to chemical energy. 
Chemical energy takes the form of organic molecules including carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
C-H bonds, C-O bonds, C-C bonds, O-H bonds and C-N bonds - 
All represent energy. 


Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen are called matter/ substances


The impala consumes this for gwroth for respiration. cheetah consumes the impala passing on the same molecules, reorganizes them into cheetah form and then to the lion who reorganizes them as well 


Which are in the bonds between the elements.

4.5b Food Webs

Allows us to provide a much better description of the ecosystem.
Food web allows us to show organisms feeding at different trophic levels. 
Organisms can have different and multiple predators.
Organisms may be feeding on multiple pray. 
Results in food all the chains will becoming linked. 

4.5a Food Chains

Food chain links : producer, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.
Has only 1 organism shown of the tropic level.
In a food chain you cannot show an organism being an omnivore, cannot show more than 2 trophic levels.
Food chain shows the flow of matter and the flow of energy.

4.4 Trophic Levels

Trophic: Means to feed.
Carrot plant: Photosynthesis
Carrot fly: Herbivore
Flycatcher: Carnivore
Sparrow Hawk: Top carnivore
Producer turns the light energy into chemical energy.
Primary consumer takes in the chemical energy of the plant into a chemical energy of the fly. 
Secondary consumer chugs energy from 1 form to another. 
Tertiary consumers eats secondary consumers which take in molecule.


All of these will die/decompose and will turn into bacteria and fungi. 

4.3 Quadrates samples

Sample has to be random (no bias) 

has to be representative (large) 

A sample needs to be big enough so the estimate has to be close to the real population. 

You will need a random numbers to generate on line or table. for x coordinate and y coordinate that will tell us where to take out sample from. 

We need a representative sample. Bigger the better. 

4.2 Quadrates

Sand Dune ecosystem is made up of number of population which forms community, habitat
quadrating can be made by any material
Quadrate is a method of sampling different location so that population can be compare between two location.